Finger family song The domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris)[3] is a domesticated canid which has been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes.[4]. Although initially thought to have originated as an artificial variant of an extant canid species (variously supposed as being the dhole,[5] golden jackal,[6] or gray wolf[7]), extensive genetic studies undertaken during the 2010s indicate that dogs diverged from an extinct wolf-like canid in Eurasia 40,000 years ago.
[8] Being the oldest domesticated animal, their long association with people has allowed dogs to be uniquely attuned to human behavior,[9] as well as thrive on a starch-rich diet which would be inadequate for other canid species.[10]. Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. This impact on human society has given them the nickname "man's best friend" in the Western world. In China and South Vietnam dogs are a source of meat for humans.[11][12]
Finger family nursery rhymes The dog is classified as Canis lupus familiaris under the Biological Species Concept and Canis familiaris under the Evolutionary Species Concept.[3]:p1
In 1758, the taxonomist Linnaeus published in Systema Naturae a categorization of species which included the Canis species. Canis is a Latin word meaning dog,[22] and the list included the dog-like carnivores: the domestic dog, wolves, foxes and jackals. The dog was classified as Canis familiaris,[23] which means "Dog-family"[24] or the family dog. On the next page he recorded the wolf as Canis lupus, which means "Dog-wolf".[25] In 1978, a review aimed at reducing the number of recognized Canis species proposed that "Canis dingo is now generally regarded as a distinctive feral domestic dog. Canis familiaris is used for domestic dogs, although taxonomically it should probably be synonymous with Canis lupus."[26] In 1982, the first edition of Mammal Species of the World listed Canis familiaris under Canis lupus with the comment: "Probably ancestor of and conspecific with the domestic dog, familiaris. Canis familiaris has page priority over Canis lupus, but both were published simultaneously in Linnaeus (1758), and Canis lupus has been universally used for this species",[27] which avoided classifying the wolf as the family dog. The dog is now listed among the many other Latin-named subspecies of Canis lupus as Canis lupus familiaris.[2]
Finger family dinosaurs The term "domestic dog" is generally used for both domesticated and feral varieties. The English word dog comes from Middle English dogge, from Old English docga, a "powerful dog breed".[13] The term may possibly derive from Proto-Germanic *dukkōn, represented in Old English finger-docce ("finger-muscle").[14] The word also shows the familiar petname diminutive -ga also seen in frogga "frog", picga "pig", stagga "stag", wicga "beetle, worm", among others.[15] The term dog may ultimately derive from the earliest layer of Proto-Indo-European vocabulary.[16]
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